The Japanese Internment :: history

The Japanese Internment During World War II, Canada was at war with Germany and Italy. Canada was fighting to protect the lifestyle that its citizens had become accustomed to. The soldiers in WW II gave their lives for the good of their great nation. Canada was also facing a major threat in the Pacific. The threat was the powerful nation of Japan. To that point in time Japan was the strongest military force that the world had ever seen. The Japanese government was strongly influenced by military leaders who were in favor of an expansion of Japanese power in the Pacific through military means. Japan had been sweeping through such strong military forces as China, Australia and Britain (Hong Kong). Japan was a major threat in World War Two to a lot of countries. Then when japan bombed Pearl Harbor in a surprise attack against the Americans. The Canadian government had to move quickly to protect its borders. The Canadian government decided that it was best that the Japanese be moved inland away from the coast. This was done for two main reasons, one to prevent spying and sabotage and secondly to protect the Japanese from anti-Asian violence. This decision was not only for the good of the country but also for the good of the Japanese people. The government made the right decision for the matter at hand. It is true that the Canadian Government noted that "no Japanese in Canada has been suspected of or linked to, an act of sabotage or espionage". Also in a RCMP investigation, the Japanese in Canada were not considered a real threat but the assessment was conducted before the country of Japan was officially in World War Two. These reports would have been outdated as the ideas and beliefs of the Japanese could have changed once Japan was at war with the world. People changed their views during times of change. As Japan officially entered W.W.II many passions of the people may have changed. The Canadian Government was faced with the treat of this possible change. If the Japanese were to roam free during this time, what is to say that a small group of loyal Japanese could not have started a subversive group? The Japanese government could have also paid some of the Japanese's in Canada substantial amounts of money to spy for them. Although many Japanese living in Canada would be patriotic to Canadian cause, there would be some that would align themselves with Japan, which could be seen as a potential threat to Canada.

Samuel 24 Essay -- Bible, Census, David

Passage Analysis Essay: David takes a Census Historical/Cultural The Biblical passage found in 2 Samuel 24 tells the story of king David taking a census of Israel and Judah and in result of this, receiving punishment from God.The two books of Samuel were previously one book but were divided in the Hebrew Bible in the fifteenth century. The two books, along with I and II Kings make up a four part history of the kings of Israel. Seeing as the books of I and II Samuel cover a large span of time in Israel's history, no one man could have lived through the entire history and written the books by himself. Because of this, many scholars believe that there are multiple authors of the books in addition to multiple outside sources having been used to create this completion (NBD â€Å"Samuel, the book of† 1056). The main focus of this story is on the census that David took of Israel and Judah. A census in the ancient near east, during the reign of David was much different than the censuses which are taken today. Today, a census is a numbering of all citizens, male and female which includes details such as age, sex, and race. During reign of David, censuses were taken primarily for specific purposes, such as the distribution of rations, fiscal revenues, or military levies (ABD â€Å"Census†). Concerning the census taken by David in 2 Samuel 24, it is a count of the number of men of military age from the the border of Dan, which is located in the north of Israel, just below Mt. Hermon and Beer-sheeba, which is a town located in the south Judean desert (ABD â€Å"Dan† and â€Å" Beer-sheba† 641, 12). The story of David being punished by God for taking a census takes place in the nation of Israel during the four hundred-year dynasty of king David. During h... ...passage but at the root of it all is David's humanity. Though David was anointed and a â€Å"man after God's own heart†, he made many mistakes. This passage shows that David was not perfectly in tune with God's voice at all times. David did something God clearly did not want him to do, and did not realize the consequences until after the sin had already been committed. However, even though David did sin, and his sin was punished, he had a heart of repentance when he realized what he had done and was willing to make things right at all costs. Theologically, the lesson that should be drawn from this is that it was not David's actions which made him great, but his heart to please God, and even greater, God's heart of mercy towards him. If it had not been for God's intervention, David would have been nothing more but another man.

Electronic Health Record Implementation Health And Social Care Essay

The passage from paper records to electronic wellness records has been a challenge in the province of Mississippi. This research survey will concentrate on electronic wellness record ( EHR ) preparedness of ague attention infirmaries in the province of Mississippi. The survey will turn to the factors associated with execution every bit good as the benefits, barriers and hazards. The survey will besides supply information as to the position of EHR execution in the province of Mississippi. Introduction. The Bush disposal mandated a call to action for the execution of electronic wellness records within a decennary in 2004. Healthcare suppliers were given a timeline for execution and the confidence that the authorities would be an active protagonist. In 2009, the Obama disposal outlined funding in the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act for EHR support. Suppliers must choose a system and seller that is certified by the Certification Commission for Health Information Technology ( CCHIT ) in order to measure up for federal support. With the 2014 deadline looming, some installations have non started the procedure of EHR choice and execution. In 2008, a comparable survey was performed measuring EHR preparedness in the province of Alabama. A self-completed study was mailed to 131 managers in the wellness information direction ( HIM ) section of Alabama infirmaries. Harmonizing to the research provided in the survey, of 91 reacting infirmaries ( 69 per centum response rate ) , merely 12.0 per centum have completed execution of EHRs ( Houser & A ; Johnson, 2008 ) . Background of the Problem. In 2004, President Bush called for widespread acceptance of the EHR within 10 old ages. Traveling from paper to EHRs has been a challenge for many infirmaries and doctors ‘ offices. Although attempts toward EHR execution started about two decennaries ago, the procedure has been slow ( Amatayakul, M. K. , 2007 ) . Harmonizing to a recent study on EHR advancement, the acceptance of EHRs â€Å" is non happening every bit quickly as hoped, † and the U.S. is dawdling in acceptance of EHRs ( Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2006 ; Powell, A. , October 12, 2006 ) . Recent studies suggested that EHR execution was between 17 to 24 per centum in doctors ‘ offices in an ambulatory attention puting ( Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2006 ; A Jha, A. K. , T. G. Ferris, K. Donelan, C. DesRoches, A. Shields, S. Rosenbaum, and D. Blumenthal, October 2006 ) . EHR usage in any format in hospital scenes was estimated to be 20 to 25 per centum, and the usage of computerized physician order entry ( CPOE ) was about 15 per centum ( Blumenthal, D. , March 2006 ) . Compared to urban infirmaries, EHR usage in rural infirmaries was less common ( Bahensky, J. A. , M. Jaana, and M. M. Ward. 2008 ) .Ward ‘s survey indicated that more than 80 per centum of urban infirmaries reported utilizing computing machines to roll up basic clinical information for possible usage in an EHR and CPOE system, while merely 30 to 40 per centum of rural infirmaries were making so ( Ward, M. M. , M. Jaana, J. A. Bahensky, S. Vartak, and D. S. Wakefield,2006 ) . Purpose of Study. The intent of the proposed survey will concentrate on the figure of healthcare organisations in Mississippi that have implemented electronic wellness records. The survey will place barriers and benefits to execution and buttocks preparedness province broad. Significance of Study. A survey done in April 2009 entitled â€Å" Use of Electronic Health Records in U.S. Hospitals † stated that of responses from 63.1 % of infirmaries surveyed, merely 1.5 % of U.S. infirmaries have a comprehensive electronic-records system ( i.e. , present in all clinical units ) , and an extra 7.6 % have a basic system ( i.e. , present in at least one clinical unit ) . Computerized provider-order entry for medicines has been implemented in merely 17 % of infirmaries. Larger infirmaries, those located in urban countries, and learning infirmaries were more likely to hold electronic-records systems. Respondents cited capital demands and high care costs as the primary barriers to execution, although infirmaries with electronic-records systems were less likely to mention these barriers than infirmaries without such systems ( Jha, 2009 ) . The EHR has several distinguishable advantages over paper wellness records. One definite advantage is the fact that there are increasing storage capablenesss for longer periods of clip. Besides, the EHR is â€Å" accessible from distant sites to many people at the same clip â€Å" ( Young 99 ) and retrieval of the information is about immediate. The record is continuously updated and is available at the same time for usage everyplace. Information is instantly accessible at any unit workstation whenever it is needed. Presently the paper record represents â€Å" monolithic atomization of clinical wellness information. † ( Schloeffel et al. 1 ) This non merely causes the cost of information direction to increase but besides â€Å" atomization leads to even greater costs due to its inauspicious effects on current and future patient attention † ( Schloeffel et al. 1 ) . The EHR can besides supply medical qui vives and reminders. EHR systems have some â€Å" constitutional intelligence capablenesss, such as acknowledging unnatural lab consequences, or possible dangerous drug interactions † ( Koeller 11 ) . Research findings back uping diagnostic trials and the EHR â€Å" can associate the clinician to protocols, attention programs, critical waies, literature databases, pharmaceutical information and other databases of health care cognition † ( Young 100 ) . Computer systems should non take the topographic point of doctors ‘ critical judgements nevertheless, â€Å" a well-designed EHR supports accountable liberty, roll uping and circulating information to help the medical professional in determination devising † ( Wellen, Bouchard, and Houston 2 ) . Another benefit to an EHR is that it allows for customized positions of information relevant to the demands of assorted fortes. The EHR is â€Å" far more flexible, leting its users to plan and use coverage formats tailored to their ain particular demands and to form and expose informations in assorted ways † ( Dick, Steen, and Detmer 46 ) . As a direction tool, the EHR can supply information to better hazard direction and appraisal results. Today, reimbursement is based on results hence healthcare organisations â€Å" must seek advanced ways to better quality of attention and results while pull offing costs † ( Dray 3 ) . An EHR can diminish charting clip and charting mistakes, hence increasing the productiveness of health care workers and diminishing medical mistakes due to illegible notes. â€Å" Reduction of medical mistakes is the concern of the populace at big, province legislators, health care suppliers, and many other wellness professionals † ( Waegemann et al. 11 ) . There have been legion narratives about fatal errors happening because of illegible notes written by doctors. EHRs â€Å" address a job that has plagued medical staff really perchance since the first physician put pencil to paper [ aˆÂ ¦ ] ( Dobias 3 ) . Since â€Å" script is natural, and hence hard to alter † ( Dobias 3 ) automated systems can assist extinguish this job. Although some systems may look dearly-won, the additions in efficiency far offset the costs. Chart chasing is eliminated, as is duplicate informations entry of the same information on multiple signifiers. â€Å" Highly paid, skilled clinicians no longer are delayed by the hunt for elusive paper charts, and useable result information becomes available without several yearss of informations digest † ( Wellen, Bouchard, and Houston 3 ) . Financially, the EHR will supply more accurate charge information and will let the suppliers of attention to subject their claims electronically, hence having payment quicker. The patient is even happier, because old information is available so the patient does non hold to go on to supply the same information over and over once more ( Gurley, 2006 ) . The completion of this survey will add to the organic structure of cognition by detailing the grounds for or against partial or full electronic wellness record execution in Mississippi. Chapter 2 – Reappraisal of Literature Reappraisal of the Literature A literature reappraisal for this topic has provided many relevant articles covering the subject of electronic wellness record execution. After choosing articles that were more closely aligned with the range of this research, I examined the mark population ( infirmaries in Mississippi ) , research intent ( designation of factors, barriers, and benefits of execution ) , the differing research methods, the information analysis method, variables, demographics every bit good as sample size. The literature systematically reflects positive benefits of utilizing this engineering. The study survey design was most normally used in the literature and seems to bring forth more measureable consequences. Sample sizes varied depending on the geographic part. The first article was entitled, â€Å" Percepts Sing Electronic Health Record Implementation among Health Information Management Professionals in Alabama: A State-wide Survey and Analysis. † The intents of this survey were to measure the position of execution of EHRs among Alabama infirmaries ; the factors that are associated with EHR execution ; and the benefits of, barriers to, and hazards of EHR implementation.A A self-completed study was mailed to 131 managers in the wellness information direction ( HIM ) section of Alabama infirmaries. Of 91 reacting infirmaries ( 69 per centum response rate ) , merely 12.0 per centum have completed execution of EHRs. The cardinal factor driving electronic wellness record ( EHR ) execution was to better clinical procedures or workflow efficiency. Lack of equal support and resources was the major barrier to EHR execution. Rural infirmaries were less likely to implement EHRs when compared with urban infirmaries ( p = .07 ) . Adoption of EHRs should be evaluated in deepness for infirmaries, and peculiarly for rural infirmaries. Wayss to seek appropriate support and supply equal resources should be explored ( Houser, 2006 ) .A The 2nd article, â€Å" Use of Electronic Health Records in U.S. Hospitals † is sing the usage of electronic wellness records from a national position. The research workers surveyed all ague attention infirmaries that are members of the American Hospital Association for the presence of specific electronic-record functionalities. Using a definition of electronic wellness records based on adept consensus, the research workers determined the proportion of infirmaries that had such systems in their clinical countries. We besides examined the relationship of acceptance of electronic wellness records to specific infirmary features and factors that were reported to be barriers to or facilitators of acceptance ( Jha et.al, 2009 ) . The research workers collaborated with the American Hospital Association ( AHA ) to study all ague attention general medical and surgical member infirmaries. The study was presented as an information engineering addendum to the association ‘s one-year study of members, and like the overall AHA questionnaire, was sent to the infirmary ‘s main executive officer. Hospital main executive officers by and large assigned the most knowing individual in the establishment ( in this instance, typically the main information officer or equivalent ) to finish the study. Non-responding infirmaries received multiple telephone calls and reminder letters inquiring them to finish the study. The study was ab initio mailed in March 2008, and their in-field period ended in September 2008 ( Jha et.al, 2009 ) . The research workers found that less than 2 % of ague attention infirmaries have a comprehensive electronic-records system, and that, depending on the definition used, between 8 and 12 % of infirmaries have a basic electronic-records system. With the usage of the definition that requires the presence of functionalities for doctors ‘ notes and nursing appraisals, information systems in more than 90 % of U.S. infirmaries do non even run into the demand for a basic electronic-records system ( Jha et.al, 2009 ) . These articles focused on information which will turn out to be good as I move frontward with this research undertaking. There is a demand for extra literature hunt in order to study/research extra stuff related to this peculiar survey. Chapter 3 – Methodology Methodology Research Design. The research worker will utilize study research design and analysis. Each HIM manager was sent a validated study comprised of multiple pick and open ended inquiries. The information for the survey will be collected anonymously via study mailed to infirmaries in Mississippi. A random control figure will be assigned to each study and envelope. There will be no linkage to individuality of establishments, merely aggregated informations will be published. Population and Sample Design. The choice of sample size was based on the figure of infirmaries in the province of Mississippi. This survey will measure perceptual experiences sing electronic wellness record execution in assorted types of infirmaries in Mississippi. The sample will be a convenience sample of all HIM managers in the province of MS, consisting all major geographic locations and/or hospital size. Data Collection Procedures. In September, 2010, the research worker mailed self completed studies to infirmaries in Mississippi. Participating installations had 4 hebdomads from the day of the month they received the study to return it in the ego addressed stamped envelope provided. Addresss and contact information for the installations was gathered from the American Hospital Directory, the Mississippi Department of Health, and the Official State of Mississippi web sites. By December 2010, the thesis will be complete and ready for presentation. Research Questions. Each participant was asked inquiries sing demographics alone to their installation. The study inquiries we focused on sensed hazards and benefits of implementing an EHR wholly and in portion. The participants were besides asked inquiries sing their degree of instruction, certificates, and age scope. Profile of Sample Population A missive and ego completed study was mailed to 90 managers of wellness information direction in Mississippi infirmaries. Data Analysis. A quantitative research method will be used as the method of analysis. The information will enable a graded comparing of infirmaries in Mississippi that have non-implemented, partly and to the full implemented electronic wellness records. We will utilize descriptive statistics to supply a sum-up of the informations collected. Chapter 4- Consequences Features of Respondents Of a sum of 46 study respondents, a big bulk ( 96 per centum ) were HIM managers, and the staying respondents ( 4 per centum ) were hospital administrative forces ( Figure 4 ) . 35 of the 46 respondents ( 76 per centum ) were between the ages of 40 and 59, 6 respondents ( 13 per centum ) were 22 to 39, 4 respondents ( 9 per centum ) were over 60, and one participant chose non to react ( Figure 13 ) . 55 per centum ( 25 respondents ) held Registered Health Information Administrator ( RHIA ) certificates, 12 respondents ( 26 per centum ) held Registered Health Information Technician certificates ( RHIT ) , 1 respondent ( 2 per centum ) held Certified Professional Coder ( CPC ) enfranchisements, 4 respondents ( 9 per centum ) were dually certified keeping RHIA certificates and a Certified Coding Specialist ( CCS ) enfranchisement, 1 respondent ( 2 per centum ) held an RHIT certificate and Certified Coding Specialist ( CCS ) enfranchisement, and the staying 3 respondents ( 6 per centum ) chose non to react ( Figure 14 ) . The highest degree of instruction attained by the HIM professionals was besides included in the information aggregation. 61 per centum ( 28 respondents ) had obtained a unmarried man ‘s grade, 26 per centum ( 12 respondents ) had obtained an associate ‘s grade, 5 respondents ( 2 per centum ) had obtained certifications, 1 respondent ( 2 per centum ) had obtained a maestro ‘s grade, 2 respondents ( 4 per centum ) had obtained other grades in topics non related to HIM, and 1 respondent did non take part in this inquiry ( Figure 15 ) . While 28 per centum of the reacting HIM professionals have strong input, another 56 per centum have small or merely some input on determinations sing EHR execution in the infirmary. Eleven per centum of the respondents had no input sing EHR execution. Of the full pool of respondents, there were no HIM Directors or administrative forces who held the concluding decision-making power related to EHR execution in their infirmaries ( Figure 5 ) .A Among these study respondents, 54 per centum of their infirmaries have less than 100 beds, 31 per centum had 100-400 beds, and 13 per centum had more than 100 beds at their installation ( Figure 1 ) . Of the 46 study respondents, 61 per centum were from non profit/not for net income infirmaries while 24 per centum were for net income infirmaries ( Figure 2 ) . Of the respondents, 76 per centum were from rural infirmaries and 20 per centum were in urban countries ( Figure 3 ) . From a sum of 90 possible infirmary respondents, 46 ( 51 per centum ) responded and 44 ( 49 per centum ) did non react. Status of EHR Implementation When asked about the position of EHR execution in their infirmaries, merely 8 ( 17 per centum ) of the 46 study respondents reported that their infirmaries had implemented an EHR system. Twelve infirmaries ( 26 per centum ) of the infirmaries had non implemented an EHR system when the study was conducted, with the staying 26 infirmaries ( 57percent ) being in the execution procedure ( Figure 10 ) .A Of the 8 infirmaries with to the full implemented EHRs, 3 ( 38 per centum ) are in rural countries, 4 ( 50 per centum ) are in urban countries, and 1 did non react to location. All 12 ( 100 per centum ) of the installations without an EHR or any timeline regarding execution are in rural countries. Of the 26 staying installations with EHRs in advancement, 20 ( 77 per centum ) are in rural countries, 5 ( 19 per centum ) are in urban countries, and 1 is in a suburban country. Harmonizing to the informations collected, rural infirmaries are more likely non to hold a timeline for execution. Of those infirmaries who had implemented an EHR system, merely one had completed the procedure before the twelvemonth 2000, and another seven had implemented it between 2000 and 2006. The figure of EHRs implemented between 2000 and 2006 mirrors the statistics reported in a comparative survey completed among HIM professionals in the province of Alabama. Of the 46 respondents, 32 per centum of the infirmaries with enforced EHRs and in execution advancement, want both inmate and outpatient capablenesss for EHR support.A Of the infirmaries that had non implemented or were in the procedure of implementing an EHR system, 30 per centum indicated that they would implement EHRs within a twelvemonth. Another 14 per centum stated that they would implement EHRs in the following two old ages, and 17 per centum of respondents reported that they were non certain when EHR execution would take topographic point ( Figure 10 ) . Factors Driving the Need for EHR Systems When asked â€Å" What factors drive the demand for the EHR systems within your infirmaries? † 36 ( 86 per centum ) of the 46 respondents felt that the two major demands or concerns were to better the quality of health care and the demand to portion patient record information among healthcare professionals ( Figure 6 ) . Other factors were the demand to better clinical procedure or workflow efficiency ( 34 respondents or 74 per centum ) and regulative demands of JCAHO or HCQA ( 22 respondents or 48 per centum ) . When asked â€Å" what is the greatest factor that drives the demand for EHR systems? † the most of import drive factor was to better health care quality ( 33 per centum ) . Benefits of Implementing EHRs The respondents were asked, â€Å" What would be the benefit of implementing the EHR system? † 42 of the respondents ( 91 per centum ) indicated that bettering work flow would be the major benefit of implementing the system ( Figure 7 ) . Some other benefits were stated as cut downing medical mistakes ( 70 per centum ) , and cut downing cost ( 43 per centum ) , cut downing intervention clip ( 17 per centum ) , increasing gross ( 17 per centum ) , and minimising malpractice claims ( 13 per centum ) . The major benefit, as indicated by the respondents, is the betterment of work flow and efficiency. Barriers to Implementing EHRs The figure one perceived barrier for implementing an EHR system was deficiency of equal support and resources ( 39 per centum ) ( Figure 8 ) . 14 respondents in rural countries and 4 in urban countries cited fundss as a major barrier. Some other barriers were deficiency of support from medical staff ( 37percent ) , deficiency of cognition of EHRs ( 33 per centum ) , deficiency of employee preparation ( 28 per centum ) , and deficiency of structured engineering ( 20 per centum ) . Vendor issues and deficiency of corporate organisation and action were besides stated as barriers to EHR execution. The respondents identified the deficiency of equal support as the major barrier to EHR execution. Chapter 5- Conclusions and Recommendations As the deadline for electronic wellness record transition nears, there are still several Mississippi installations that have non begun or completed the execution procedure. Harmonizing to the informations gathered in this study, EHR execution is mostly uncomplete. Merely 17 per centum of the reacting sites have to the full implemented records. Another 57 per centum are in the procedure of implementing and 26 per centum have no clear timeline as to when execution will get down. There are restrictions sing this study. Without the staying 49 per centum of the studies completed and returned, there is no manner to measure the stage of execution at those installations. However, the figure of respondents that did take part indicates the demand for an immediate call to action in order to run into the 2014 end. Educating clinical and administrative staff and parties with vested involvement will help in undertaking the obstructions impeding EHR execution. Nationally, EHR acceptance rates among infirmaries vary widely. Jha ‘s survey reviewed 36 different studies conducted between 1995 and 2005 and recorded a scope between 4 per centum and 21 per centum for execution of computerized patient order entry among infirmaries ( Jha, 2006 ) . The slow advancement of execution can be mostly attributed to fiscal restraints. Lack of support in fiscal resources is the major factor that contributes to fewer Mississippi infirmaries, rural and urban, holding completed EHR execution. In add-on, deficiency of cognition sing EHRs and a deficiency of bargain in from clinical and administrative staff besides play a major portion in the slow execution procedure. While fundss are a hinderance, there are funding chances through federal statute law to back up EHR execution. The American Reinvestment and Recove ry Act ( ARRA ) of 2009 included the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act ( HITECH ) which seeks to better American wellness attention bringing and patient attention through an unprecedented investing in wellness information engineering. The ARRA developed an Electronic Health Record Incentive plan that authorizes the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) to do incentive payments to eligible infirmaries to advance the acceptance and meaningful usage of interoperable certified EHR engineering ( ( IHS Office of Information Technology, 2010 ) . These incentive programs offer funding to healthcare suppliers who implement an EHR that is certified through the Certification Commission for Healthcare Information Technology ( CCHIT ) . These inducements will countervail the fiscal load of the installations as the passage into an electronic wellness record. HIM professionals play a major function in EHR execution. There is a great demand for persons with cognition and instruction in IT and EHR application and engineering. The 10,000 Trained by 2010 act was introduced in the House of Representatives in 2009 would authorise the National Science Foundation to present grants to establishments of higher instruction to develop and offer instruction and preparation plans. This would include instruction in the field of wellness information sciences. The debut of this measure indicates the turning demand for trained HIM professionals and the built-in portion they will play in EHR transition and execution. In order to accomplish the end of countrywide execution by 2014, there must be a greater push and increased support for health care suppliers. Government statute law and execution inducements are major paces in a positive way but there are still barriers that hinder EHR execution. It is necessary for suppliers to place the hazards, benefits, and factors driving EHR execution in order to cognize where and how to get down the procedure. Increased community consciousness, a good trained work force, support, and support from the clinical and administrative staff are all imperative in the successful execution of electronic wellness record engineering.

Rfid in Pharmacy …

RFID in Pharmaceutical Industry In 2004, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has called for the implementation of RFID technology to track the distribution of prescription drugs in order to protect the medical supply chain from counterfeit drugs by 2007. Initially, California State Board of Pharmacy has mandated RFID technology but later extended implementation date until 2015. In 2007, Kalorama Information predicted in a report that market for RFID solutions in pharmaceutical industry would worth around $3. bn by 2012, but this got affected by the current global recession, extension given by California State Board of Pharmacy, and other challenges regarding implementation of RFID. A new research report of Jan 2010 revised the market for RFID products and services in the pharmaceutical industry that it will be worth $884m (â‚ ¬631m) in 2015. In 2008, RFID market was worth around $112m and predicted value of around $884m in 2015, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 34 pe r cent. Of the current market, 60 per cent is believed to be generated by hardware, with the remaining 40 per cent coming from software and services. RFID Cost As of today, a RFID tags, which is passive only (read-only) can store up to 2KB of data (96bit Serial Number), can cost up to 40 cents US. In case of an active tag (read and write) can cost between $5 to $10, depending upon the material and type of tag. Benefits/Potentials of RFID Counterfeiting Help in fighting against counterfeiting. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 6 percent of the world’s drugs are counterfeit. Fake prescription drugs costs Pharmaceutical companies around US$30 billion each year. Patient safety This is also related to counterfeiting, as fake drugs may look and feel like the real thing, but they are not. A report by WHO indicated that about 93 percent of cases it tracked didn’t have the correct amount of active ingredients. Brand protection Brand protection is very important for drug manufacturers, as single product-tampering incident can wreak long-term havoc on a company’s reputation. Operational efficiency Easy to identify expired or damaged products, and also they can be monitored not to enter into another supply or order. Retailers and distributor can have a better and clear understanding of inventory in warehouses. RFID Drivers for the Pharmaceutical Industry RFID presents the potential to provide tremendous benefits to the pharmaceutical and health care industries. Some of the key benefits projected with the use of RFID include: †¢ Drugs could be identified easily even if they are inside a container. †¢ Counterfeit drugs could be identified easily. †¢ Assurance that the ID on the bottle has not been forged or mislabeled. †¢ Helps in keeping track for drug’s expiry. †¢ Helps in fighting against products from being re-imported and resold at lower cost, which were exported to other developing countries. Unlike bar codes, RFID do not required to be in line-of-sight to read product information. †¢ If implemented across the whole supply chain, product movement and location can be tracked remotely. †¢ More information can be stored on RFID chip and unlike bar code prints, RFID chips can survive harsh conditions. †¢ Provides ability to reads more products per second as compare to bar code scanning procedure, requiring less human involvement. †¢ Increased potential for reducing clinical trial times by reducing errors and improving delivery accuracy. [pic] RFID Challenges for the Pharmaceutical Industry Lack of standards in technology i. e. whole supply chain should be using same standard. †¢ Unclear or poor businesses case about return-on-investment for pharmaceutical companies †¢ Wide spread deployment of RFID technology throughout the supply chain. †¢ Cost of implementing RFID infrastructure is very high, which is not attractive for distributors with low profit margin. Passive tag price ranges from 40 cents to $1 USD. †¢ A major retailer will have to invest around $400K at each distribution channel. †¢ Integration issue of RFID with current applications and technical infrastructure. Concerns over which RFID solution to pick which is flexible enough to accommodate multiple business processes. †¢ In case of hundreds of read per second, concerns over data quality and synchronization, if tag has been read multiple times or no read at all, or data error while reading and etc. †¢ Privacy and security concerns such as eavesdropping, tracking attack, fraudulent tags and readers, physical tamper attacks, denial of server (DOS) attacks, how much and what information drug manufacturer or supplier will store on tags and etc. [pic] [pic] References: ttp://www. tompkinsinc. com/publications/competitive_edge/articles/02-04-RFID_Pharma. asp http://www. ascet. com/documents. asp? d_ID=3435 http://www. rfidjournal. com/article/articleview/2435/1/1/ http://scm. ncsu. edu/public/facts/facs030123. htm http://www. aimglobal. org/technologies/rfid/rfid_faqs. aspl http://www. atkearney. com/index. php/Publications/busting-the-myths-of-pharma-rfid. html â€Å"Radio frequency identification technology: applications, technical challenges and strategies† by Suhong Li, John K. Visich, Bashee r M. Khumawala, Chen Zhang.

Civil War North vs South

The North and South were deeply divided in the issue of black civil rights, with the North adopting a pro-civil rights stance and the South adopting a pro-slaves stance. The different elimination histories and economics bases of the North and South regions shaped these different views on civil rights for black slaves during 1 820 off 860. The North's pro-civil rights stance grew as a result Of solid economic base in industrialization and their settlement history of religious freedom.While the North's soil and climate did not favor large plantations, this region did have many natural resources which helped fuel the growth of industrialization and urban areas. As shown in Document A in the â€Å"Railroads in 1860,† the North had more than two-thirds of the railroad tracks which made it easier to rainspout goods and drive the economy. Because this industrial growth was not dependent on slave labor, but immigrants coming to the cities, Northerners saw the blacks as people not just economic resources.In addition, the North had been established on religious freedom and had been the focus on America's fight for independence, so the North was tolerant of messages from abolitionists like Frederick Douglas who talked about the injustice of slaves' lack of freedom (Document C). These views were also shown in response to the John Brown incident who tried to seize a federal arsenal and start a slave uprising (Document E). The Northerners called Brown â€Å"a martyr for the sacred cause of freedom. Thus, the northerners didn't rely on slave labor for their industrial economy and were tolerant of messages of freedom due to their settlement history, which led to their pro- civil rights stance. On the other hand, the South's economic base was largely agriculture, and their dependence on slave labor drove their pro-slavery stance. The Southern colonies were primarily settled for cash crops, like cotton and tobacco, because of their fertile soil and climate.As shown in Do cument A, â€Å"The Slave Density and Cotton Production, 1860,† cotton was almost exclusively grown in the South, and heavily relied on slave labor. In addition, the South had limited industry and relied heavily on the North for â€Å"almost every article of utility and adornment†¦ And that were are dependent on Northern capitalists for the means necessary to build our railroads, canals, and there public transportation† (Document B). Because agriculture was their key economic base and was dependent on slave labor, the Southerners viewed slaves as economic resources or property rather than people.They believed the Supreme Court's decision in the Dried Scott case, which held the the Fifth Amendment did not apply to African Americans because they were property, as proof of their viewpoint. They believed that civil rights would destroy their economy, and became violent against antislavery actions such as in the John Brown case that they believed were plotted by the No rth (Document E). Therefore, because the civil rights movement would have destroyed the southern economy which was heavily dependent on agriculture and slave labor, they adopted adopted pro-slavery stance.Therefore the different colonization histories and economics of the North and South led to the North's pro-civil rights stance and the South's pro-slavery stance in 1820 to 1860. These differences truly divided a nation as described by Abraham Lincoln during his Republic nomination speech for U. S. Senator: â€Å"A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. † His speech foreshadowed the divide that would ultimately lead to the Civil War, in which North fought against South over the issue of slavery.

What are the key similarities and differences between Freud and Jung’s theories of dreams?

Introduction Historically, dreams have often been given cultural significance all over the world, and various speculations abound on the origin and function of this intriguing phenomenon. However, it was the pioneering work of Freud in the late 19th Century which truly revolutionised the way dreams are discussed in much contemporary discourse. Although as a theory it is unfalsifiable and does not easily lend itself to empirical investigation, it subsequently remains somewhat outside of the conventional scientific approach to the study of psychological phenomena, as do the ideas of Jung. Psychodynamic theories have nonetheless been influential particularly with regard to dreams since their exact purpose and the genesis of their content is not demonstrably explicable in terms of mechanistic perspectives on sleep and mind. Clearly then these theories appeal to people, and they have resulted in psychotherapeutic methods of analysis that have been helpful to some people (Freud, 1940). With this in min d, this essay will seek to establish the individual contributions of Freud and Jung, where they concur and where their theories come into conflict. In order to do this each theory must first be outlined. Freud ascribed a crucial central position of dreams in his overall model of the psyche (Jones, 1913). He saw dreams as indicative of pathologies and emotions affecting conscious life, either directly or through the action of his proposed concept of the unconscious. Freud believed that in fact the majority of the mental processes governing an individual’s thoughts, feelings and therefore behaviour, take place in the unconscious mind, and that an intrinsic censor keeps these processes and underlying drives from conscious awareness (Freud, 1922). This unconscious-conscious distinction is necessary, Freud argues, because the feelings evoked by conscious knowledge of true motivational drives and internal struggles would be unacceptable, and therefore these must be hidden in the un conscious. These unacceptable notions only become available to consciousness in transformed appearance; becoming something analogous but more acceptable to the individual. One of the primary ways Freud supposed that the unconscious communicated its contents to the conscious mind was via dreams. The actual experienced content of dreams Freud names the manifest content, whereas the true meaning of the dream as it is stored in the unconscious was dubbed the latent content (Freud, 1900). Through the method of psychoanalysis, utilising such techniques as free association and projective methods using external stimuli, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, Freud believed the latent content of dreams could be uncovered, and that the revelation of this information In the light of consciousness could alleviate many neurotic symptoms (Fenichel, 2006). As far as Freud was concerned, dreams communicate their message through symbolic means. Images encountered in dreams represent some aspect of the dreamer’s psyche and their interpretation can result in profound insights into the inner life of an individual. For Freud, the meaning of certain dream symbols could be ubiquitous between individuals; if one person was dreaming of the Eiffel tower then this could be interpreted in much the same way as if another person were also dreaming of the Eiffel tower. The only way the interpretation would differ would be in regard to the dream context; that is, the place the object of the Eiffel tower occupied in relation to other dream objects, the motifs and themes involved in the dream as well as more ambient feelings surrounding dream objects. Therefore, two dreams involving the Eiffel tower could be interpreted quite differently, but the symbolic Eiffel tower could be said to have similar if not synonymous meaning between persons, according to Freud (1954). A key aspect of Freud’s theory of the unconscious is that the ego (the symbolic self) develops defence mechanisms to p rotect itself from thoughts and feelings that it finds unacceptable, typically these are feelings of inadequacy, social comparisons or unbearable desires of some kind. This arsenal of defence mechanisms includes repression, denial, sublimation and projection. This list is not comprehensive but these are the primary mechanisms by which feelings that are deemed harmful to the ego are exiled to the unconscious (Freud, 2011). In Freud’s theory, these unconscious desires and feelings then manifest themselves symbolically in dreams through almost universally recognisable and interpretable symbols. Another aspect of this theory is that dream objects may form categories. In other words, different but perhaps similar objects may mean the same thing in terms of latent content. One classic example of a semantic category of this kind is phallic symbols; essentially anything cylindrical is often interpreted to denote a phallus, or more abstract ‘power’ (Orrells, 2013). The dr eam analysis would then proceed with the latent content supplanted in the place of the manifest content, and the true meaning of the dream could be interpolated depending on the dream context. Freud was essentially working towards an encyclopaedic knowledge of the meaning behind each dream symbol (Freud, 1900) and although there was some acknowledgement that these symbols could be represented differently between diverse people, much of his theory lacks generalizability. This point becomes especially relevant when it is remembered that his theory was developed using only qualitative data obtained from neurotics (Freud, 1922). As a contemporary of Freud’s, Jung developed his theories largely without his input. When the two met they found that most of their ideas regarding the unconscious and its expression in dreams were compatible if not identical. However, there were some key areas of divergence; chiefly there are new concepts introduced by Jung, and disagreements over the ex act nature of the unconscious. Despite specific differences, there is no denying the striking similarity of the theories with regard to the genesis of dreams, the structure of the individual psyche and to a large extent the interpretation of dream content. Freud and Jung agreed that dreams harbour feelings, thoughts and desires which are unacceptable or painful to conscious awareness. Jung took this notion a step further and coined the term ‘complex’. A complex centres on a certain theme which pervades a person’s life again and again in many different ways. It must be a recurring theme which profoundly influences the psychology of the individual. Unlike the more general terms used by Freud, the idea of a complex provides a more structured way of understanding an individual’s unconscious expressions through the methods used in psychoanalysis, and the term was adopted by Freud into his psychology (Schultz and Schultz, 2009). Jung also introduced the concept of the collective unconscious, as he felt that Freud’s formulation of the unconscious was apt when applied to the individual, but incomplete as it could not account for the consistency of certain dream themes and even specific symbols between individuals (Jung, 1981). Jung believed that the consistency of dreams between individuals was best explained by introducing a new level to the unconscious; a communal level where universally relevant archetypal symbols filter in disguised form into the conscious awareness of individuals through dreams. These archetypes are fundamental aspects of life which apply to all people, and as such are ingrained in some way in all cultures, but are expressed differently between cultures in their respective myths, legends and deities. For Jung, archetypal images include that of the mother, to give an idea of the sort of motifs supposedly inherent in the collective unconscious. Although Freud would later acknowledge the idea of a collective unconsc ious (Jung, 1936), he still did not attribute particular importance to it like Jung did, seeing it as more of an ‘appendix’ to the personal unconscious. The collective unconscious was of paramount importance in Jung’s theory of dreams; he supposed that many dream images and themes could be interpreted as representing archetypes present in the collective unconscious (Jung, 1981). It is necessary here to delve a little further into Jung’s theory of the general human psyche to fully appreciate his perspective on dreams. Jung believed the ultimate goal of life was ‘individuation’ (Jung, 1923), which refers to the unification of personality, and an acknowledgment of all unconscious impulses. This integration of the unconscious with consciousness can only occur with the two still operating in relative autonomy but with the conscious mind achieving a degree of acceptance of the unconscious; both the collective and personal unconscious that is. Until individuation can be achieved, the individual must continue to attempt to differentiate themselves from the collective consciousness through the establishment of an individual persona. The persona is shaped through the processes of socialisation and individual experience and therefore the persona an individual choses to project may not truly reflect how they are feeling or thinking. Jung argued this persona is also shaped by the collective unconsciousness, and this struggle for individuation against the archetypes, and the strain felt by wearing the persona like a ‘mask’ is expressed in dreams (Jung, 1923). The idea of integrating opposites features heavily in Jung’s theories, and he believed that dreams could be expressions of this internal struggle, which is a perspective shared by Freud. However, it is clear that there is disagreement on the origins of the internal struggles; for Freud they arise only from the pressure of individual desires which are deemed as unacceptable by the conscious mind, whereas Jung saw in dreams the process of socialisation via exposure to the collective unconscious and the archetypes, while at the same time the ego struggles against such influence for the possibility of individuation. It can be gleamed from this description of the theories of Jung compared to those of Freud that Jung’s had more of a spiritual aspect to them. The idea of a collective unconscious inhabited by concepts that are familiar to all people does have an air of transcendence compared to the personal unconscious, which is concerned only with the unbearable thoughts of the one individual concerned. The objectivist worldview of Freud can be clearly contrasted here with that of Jung who did not discount spiritual perspectives, but saw in them analogies, representations and affirmations of his own concepts, albeit expressed with some artistic licence and cultural influence. The goal of individuation, Jung thought, was at the mystical h eart of all religions, whereas the collective unconscious gave rise to all manner of representations in religious texts. This brings us to another way in which the theories differ. Freud conceptualised the unconscious as being overwhelmingly focused on negative emotions and thoughts concerning the ego. The complex for Freud was always a malevolent phenomenon. Jung did not believe this necessarily had to be the case, and stipulated that the unconscious could contain desires, thoughts and feelings of any emotional valence. Jung believed that the contents of the personal unconscious could have been repressed from consciousness for any number of reasons, which differs drastically from the opinion of Freud who believed that this was only possible through the activation of the defence mechanisms he conceived of. Indeed, Jung saw many of the archetypes as benign abstractions (Jung, 1981) shared by all cultures which are universally effective in shaping the socialisation of all members of a society. Jung’s theory then has greater scope, in encapsulating the macro-level influences which affect all people as well as individual tendencies expressed in dreams; Freud focused to heavily perhaps on the individual and their immediate relations. Both Freud and Jung believed that unconscious underlying emotions for certain concepts drive external behaviour, the primary disagreement is over the placement of these emotional drives. Jung proposed that images filter up from the collective unconscious and are given individualised guises appropriate to each individual (but they nonetheless represent the same archetype). Feelings regarding this archetype arise from personal experience and inherent inclinations. These feelings are then expressed in the personal unconscious through dreams and take on personal significance in the conscious mind. In Freud’s theory, the process of unconscious expression takes place solely in the personal unconscious and is concerned with emot ions, thoughts and desires surrounding personal relationships and experience (Williams, 1963). Both of these psychodynamic theorists saw dreams as a key diagnostic tool in psychotherapy. However, there was some divergence in interpretative technique; primarily that Jung did not believe that the meaning of one dream symbol could be transferred effectively between people. To reuse the earlier example, to dream of the Eiffel tower could be interpreted completely differently depending on who dreamed it, their personal circumstances and the dream context. The dream image of the Eiffel tower for Jung does not inherently mean anything in and of itself. Although both methods of interpretation have resulted in the lessening of neurotic symptoms for some patients (Freud, 1954; Jung, 1936) the fact that these theories are essentially speculative cannot be overlooked lightly. Both Freud and Jung attached paramount significance to dreams in the functioning of the human mind, reading great meanin g into sometimes seemingly arbitrary dream images, but the fact that these theories cannot be empirically tested and rely on mainly neurotic patients for the acquisition of evidence is a serious criticism of both theories. The purpose of dreams is another area in which these theories put forward different views. Both theorists agree that the unconscious is expressed in dreams, but Jung adds that socialisation occurs through exposure to the collective unconscious, and individuation is sought through the establishment of an appropriate place for the ego in relation to the archetypes (Jung, 1936). Therefore, dreaming is a process of growth for Jung, whereas Freud saw dreams as expressive and in need of interpretation for them to really be of use to the dreamer. A common theme in both theories though when it comes to the purpose of dreams is compensation. In psychoanalytic theory, it is assumed that dreams can arise to compensate for a conscious attitude thus balancing the position of t he ego, this perspective is shared by both Jung and Freud. In a compensatory dream, the dreamer may be expressing a contrary attitude to one consciously held, although this would occur in disguised form as the manifest content in the dream. This assumption would factor into the psychoanalytic strategy employed by both theorists, where they would most notably differ would be in their interpretation of the meaning of certain symbols; whether they represent archetypes (as in Jung’s theory) or are analogous to personal relationships with people or objects in conscious life (as in Freud’s theory). To conclude, there initially appears to be many more similarities than differences between the theories of Freud and Jung regarding dreams. Both postulate the existence of an unconscious which expresses itself with symbolic images through dreams for the purpose of compensation; both see the interpretation of the unconscious expression as potentially beneficial, and the pathology o f neuroses is seen to have a causal influence in the unconscious desire. Despite these fundamental similarities there is also much divergence. Most of the theoretical difference is created by the proposition of the collective unconscious by Jung. This introduces a spiritual element, and an additional purpose of dreaming, which involves communing with archetypal forms to establish personal identity, and maintain a properly socialised persona. This is mostly incompatible with Freudian theory, which takes a more objective view and focuses on patterns of unconscious expression within the personal unconscious between individuals, seeking to establish a universal method of dream interpretation, something Jungian theory would deem impossible. References Fenichel, O. (2006). The psychoanalytic theory of neurosis. London: Routledge. Freud, A. (2011). The ego and the mechanisms of defence. Exeter: Karnac Books. Freud, S. (1900). Distortion in dreams. The interpretation of dreams, 142-143. Freud, S. (1922). The unconscious. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 56(3), 291-294. Freud, S. (1940). An Outline of Psycho-Analysis. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 21, 27-84. Freud, S. (1954). The origins of psycho-analysis (p. 216). M. Bonaparte, & W. Flie? (Eds.). New York: Basic Books. Jones, E. (1913). Freud’s theory of dreams. London, England: Bailliere, Tindall & Cox Jung, C. G. (1923). Psychological types: or the psychology of individuation. Oxford, England: Harcourt, Brace Jung, C. G. (1936). The concept of the collective unconscious. Collected works, 9(1), 42. Jung, C. G. (1981). The archetypes and the collective unconscious (Vol. 9). Princeton: Princeton University Press. Orrells, D. (2013). Freud’s Phallic Symbol. Classical Myth and Psychoanalysis: Ancient and Modern Stories of the Self, 39. Shultz, D. and Shultz, S. (2009). Theories of Personality (9th Ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Williams, M. (1963). The indivisibility of the personal and collective unconscious. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 8(1), 45-50.

Humanitarian Emergencies and role of Public Health Professional Research Paper

Humanitarian Emergencies and role of Public Health Professional - Research Paper Example Public health concepts like preventing the affected people from disease, treating injuries and wounds to prevent further complications provide health education to the people at war or without peace, application of hygienic measures and observing the environmental hazards (Ciottone, 2006). In Darfur, it is vital for the Sudanese under distress to cope up with some vital public health requirements. These public health requirements include access to clean water, treatment of injuries, disease or any other mental or physical health conditions. Public health concepts focus on improving and maintaining safe standards of public health. The emphasis of public health intrusion is solely to improve the conditions of a region under attack both politically and health wise. It aims to achieve public health through educating the public on what to do in case of such emergencies, provision of life necessities like access to clean water, medicine, treatment, vaccination and circulation of condoms to protect and control the blowout of sexually transmitted diseases (Veenema, 2013). The application of these concepts in complex humanitarian infested zones helps to save the life of innocent kids, mothers and even the unborn children. This is only possible if the government and non-governmental organizations responsible for these responses are fully equipped. Public health professionals in international health provide learners with knowledge and skills necessary to participate effectively in the exercising of international health, both in their own land and at the international based health organizations. Demonstrating skills and mastering in the program and proper management, can be designed and implemented by health programs for the purposes of curbing their budget whether small, middle-income or independent country setting. Applying a multidisciplinary tactic to examine the health structures and institutions encompassed in financing and provision, brings a